![]() ![]() Denmark is a very well-known market for sperm donation due to its liberal legislation and the appeal of its donor population to those needing donor sperm, particularly in Europe. Consequently, many UK patients import sperm or travel abroad to Denmark, Spain, and Belgium to obtain donor sperm. The UK is one example of a country that suffers from a shortage of sperm donors and has months-long waiting lists for sperm donation since donor anonymity was removed. Sperm donation is not allowed in many countries and is not widely available in some countries that do allow it. Because of that, gamete donation is one of the most common reasons for CBRC on the global level. Third party reproduction, such as sperm, egg, and embryo donation, is not legally allowed in many countries due to ethical and religious reasons. Sperm and egg donation are recently allowedĪllowed only for heterosexual couples and single womenĪllowed only for heterosexual married couples Sperm donation is allowed under certain conditions. Sperm and embryo donations are allowed under certain conditions Specific legislation for assisted reproduction In this systematic and critical review, we explore CBRC in the new millennium as a growing global phenomenon with multidimensional implications. ![]() ĭue to its complex nature and implications worldwide, CBRC has become an emerging dilemma on the global healthcare agenda and yet little is known about its accurate magnitude and scope. The main reasons for CBRC are legal restrictions and high costs in home countries, as well as quality of care concerns (e.g., success rates, long waits, iatrogenesis), and sociocultural considerations (e.g., desires for privacy and linguistic and cultural familiarity). Various groups may seek fertility treatments in CBRC, such as infertile couples, single, gay, or transgender people and even patients of advanced age. The most common forms of fertility treatments provided within CBRC are in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), sperm donation, egg donation, embryo donation, commercial surrogacy, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), sex selection, and fertility preservation. This growing phenomenon defined as cross border reproductive care (CBRC) is also known as fertility tourism, reproductive tourism, procreative tourism, transnational reproduction, reproductive travel (“reprotravel”), or reproductive exile. As the practice and delivery of fertility treatments have become more global, many people are traveling internationally to obtain fertility treatments. ![]()
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